Cura Cardio-Ostetrica: Scenari Sfidi nella Insufficienza Cardiaca e Direzioni Future.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading and increasingly prevalent cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, with heart failure (HF) representing a major contributor before, during, and after pregnancy. The age at first pregnancy is rising, with a growing proportion of women aged over 40 years, and hypertension, obesity, and established coronary artery disease at the onset of pregnancy are no longer uncommon. In parallel, advances in the management of congenital, inherited heart disease and childhood cancer have resulted in more women surviving to adulthood and entering pregnancy with impaired cardiac function or residual disease, contributing to late maternal morbidity and mort