Terapia microcorrente cardiaca nella insufficienza cardiaca: Rationale meccanistico, prove cliniche iniziali e direzioni future.

Despite major advances in guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), many patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) remain symptomatic, with persistent limitations in functional capacity and health status, underscoring the need for adjunctive therapeutic strategies. Direct cardiac microcurrent (C-MIC) therapy is a non-excitatory bioelectrical intervention device to modulate myocardial remodeling rather than rhythm or acute contractility. C-MIC therapy influence myocardial biology, including pathways related to fibrosis, inflammation, and cellular homeostasis by delivering continuous, subthreshold direct current. Preclinical studies across cardiomyocytes, animal model