Carcinoma epatico cellulare e trapianto di fegato: cosa dire della neo- e immunoterapia adiuvante.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), leading to growing interest in their integration into liver transplantation (LT) protocols. Their use in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings aims to expand transplant eligibility, improve downstaging and/or bridging options, and reduce tumor recurrence. However, the balance between oncologic benefit and immunologic risk, particularly graft rejection, remains a critical challenge. DATA SOURCES: A literature search was conducted on PubMed for articles published up to August 2025. The search keywords included "hepatocellular carcinoma", "liver transplantation", "immune checkp