Efficacia e sicurezza dell'immunoterapia nel carcinoma neuroendocrino a cellule grandi polmonare avanzato: una revisione sistematica e meta-analisi.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare, aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options. Management often follows small-cell lung cancer regimens; however, the benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) remains uncertain due to the absence of randomized trials. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the clinical impact of ICI-containing regimens in advanced LCNEC. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was performed through December 31, 2025. Studies evaluating ICI-containing regimens in patients with advanced LCNEC were included. Outcomes included objective response rate (ORR),