Autofagia nell'Obesità e nel Diabete di Tipo 2: Al di là del Paradigma Protettivo.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review examines the current evidence on autophagy dysregulation in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with particular emphasis on its tissue-specific nature and implications for clinical translation. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent human and preclinical evidence indicates that autophagic alterations in metabolic disease are not uniformly suppressed but vary according to tissue type and disease stage. In adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreatic β cells, and immune cells, dysregulated mTORC1-AMPK signaling, defective mitophagy, and impaired lysosomal function contribute to insulin resistance, ectopic lipid accumulation, and metaflammation. However, most hum