Rete di morte cellulare programmata nella resistenza ai farmaci nel cancro: Un quadro per l'intervento terapeutico.

Cancer remains a major global health burden, and therapeutic progress is frequently undermined by acquired drug resistance. A key contributor to drug resistance is the ability of malignant cells to evade programmed cell death (PCD). In this review, we summarize six canonical PCD modalities-apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis-and emphasize their interdependence within a densely connected regulatory network. We highlight how PANoptosis links apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, how ferroptosis and cuproptosis converge on shared redox circuitry, and how immunogenic cell death communicates bidirectionally with the tumor microenvironment. Because cancer