Strategie di trattamento personalizzate nell'insufficienza cardiaca: una revisione della letteratura e nuovo algoritmo proposto per la selezione della terapia con dispositivo.

Heart failure remains a major global health challenge, characterized by high morbidity, mortality, and economic burden despite continuous advances in therapy. This review summarizes landmark clinical trials that have shaped current approaches to device therapy in heart failure, including implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, cardiac resynchronization therapy, and emerging conduction system pacing. In addition, it discusses novel prognostic and monitoring methods such as impedance cardiography and dobutamine stress echocardiography, which enable more precise patient assessment. Based on the available clinical data, we propose a new four-step decision algorithm for personalised device thera