Gestione precoce della insufficienza cardiaca acuta.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Acute heart failure (AHF) is a frequent, high-risk emergency department presentation in which early diagnostic and therapeutic decisions strongly influence outcomes. This review is timely as new evidence is reshaping the first hours of care, requiring emergency department clinicians to integrate updated diagnostic tools and early guideline-directed treatments. RECENT FINDINGS: Key diagnostic advances include broader use of cardiopulmonary ultrasound and emerging biomarker-based, machine-learning tools. Noninvasive ventilation remains preferred for severe respiratory distress, while high-flow nasal cannula is widely used despite neutral comparative data. Diuretic strategie