Fenotipi e endotipi cardiaci nella schizofrenia: una revisione sistematica.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is increasingly recognized as a multisystemic disorder. Cardiac anomalies, including autonomic, electrophysiological, and structural heart abnormalities, are frequently reported in patients with schizophrenia. However, the distinction between phenotypes and endophenotypes remains unclear. METHODS: In this review, we synthesized clinical, neurobiological, and genetic evidence to assess cardiac alterations in schizophrenia and evaluate their potential as endophenotypes. RESULTS: Autonomic dysfunction, especially reduced heart rate variability (HRV) and impaired parasympathetic regulation, emerged as the most consistent cardiac phenotype, and the only one that fulfil