Definizioni di Frustrazione Cardiaca Ambulatoriale C2D e Approcci Terapeutici Attuali: Posizione della Società JACC: Frustrazione Cardiaca.

Symptomatic heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction is traditionally drawn as 2 stages. Most stage C patients report manageable symptoms on guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), whereas stage D therapies are transplant or durable circulatory support, if eligible, and otherwise palliation with inotropic infusions or hospice considered for most. However, advanced HF includes not only end-stage D patients but also a large ambulatory population progressing beyond sustained response to GDMT who still seek and may find meaningful life-years ahead. This position statement was commissioned to enhance recognition of stage C2D, survey knowledge gaps for how stage C HF GDMT therapies sho