Grasso e Grasso Disfunzionale come Principale Motore della Frustrazione Cardiaca con Preservazione della Frazione di Eiezione: dalla Riconoscimento Istituzionale alla Integrazione Clinica.

Epidemiological and Mendelian randomization studies demonstrate a strong link between central obesity, visceral adiposity, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The AHA (American Heart Association) has specifically identified excess and dysfunctional fat as the primary upstream cause of the "cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic" syndrome, noting that biologically abnormal adipose tissue exerts adverse effects through its action to secrete proinflammatory adipokines. Experimental studies confirm the causal role of these adipose tissue secretions in the pathogenesis of HFpEF. The earliest clinical evidence of excess and dysfunctional fat is the presence of abdominal obesity, a